Survey Topic wise short notes

 

📘 PART–A : TOPIC-WISE SHORT NOTES

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1️⃣ Basics of Surveying

• Surveying = art of determining relative position of points on earth.

• Principle: Work from whole to part.

• Types:

  • Plane Survey → small areas

  • Geodetic Survey → large areas (curvature considered)

• Methods of locating points:

  • Radiation, Intersection, Traversing

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2️⃣ Chain Survey

• Best for small, open, level areas.

• Main instruments: Chain, tape, arrows, ranging rods

• Lines:

  • Base line → main line

  • Tie line → fix interior details

  • Check line → check accuracy

• Offsets:

  • Perpendicular offsets → more accurate

• Errors:

  • Sag, slope, temperature, incorrect ranging

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3️⃣ Compass Survey

• Measures bearings of lines.

• Bearing systems:

  • Whole Circle Bearing (0°–360°)

  • Quadrantal Bearing (N 30° E etc.)

• FB – BB difference = 180°

• Local attraction: caused by magnetic materials.

• Declination: angle between true north & magnetic north.

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4️⃣ Levelling

• Determines elevations (RLs) of points.

• Important terms:

  • BM → Benchmark

  • HI → Height of Instrument

• Methods:

  • HI (Collimation) method

  • Rise & Fall method (more accurate)

• Errors: curvature & refraction, parallax.

• Types:

  • Fly levelling, profile levelling, reciprocal levelling.

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5️⃣ Theodolite

• Measures horizontal & vertical angles.

• Temporary adjustments:

  • Centering, levelling, focusing

• Important operations:

  • Transiting → rotate telescope 180°

  • Swinging → rotate in horizontal plane

• Methods:

  • Repetition method → improves accuracy

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6️⃣ Plane Table Survey

• Field work + plotting done simultaneously.

• Methods:

  • Radiation

  • Intersection

  • Traversing

  • Resection

• Advantage: quick work

• Disadvantage: low accuracy in bad weather

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7️⃣ Curves

• Used in roads & railways.

• Types:

  • Simple circular curve

  • Transition curve

  • Compound curve

• Superelevation: provided on curves.

• Sharper curve → smaller radius

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8️⃣ Tacheometry

• Rapid method of measuring distance & elevation.

• Uses stadia hairs in telescope.

• Distance = KS + C

  • K = multiplying constant

  • C = additive constant

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9️⃣ Errors & Adjustments

• Types of errors:

  • Instrumental

  • Personal

  • Natural

• Adjustment principle:

  • Most probable value minimizes errors.

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🔟 Modern Survey

• EDM: electronic distance measurement

• Total Station: angle + distance + data storage

• GPS: satellite based positioning

• GIS: spatial data management

• Remote sensing: satellite images

• LiDAR: laser-based distance measurement

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📝 PART–B : 100 MCQs (RRB JE PATTERN)

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🔹 BASICS (1–10)

1. Surveying deals with —
   A) Structures
   B) Roads
   C) Relative positions
   D) Materials
   Ans: C

2. Main principle of surveying —
   A) Part to whole
   B) Whole to part
   C) Random
   D) Trial method
   Ans: B

3. Large area survey is —
   A) Plane
   B) Chain
   C) Geodetic
   D) Compass
   Ans: C

4. Which is not a method of locating points?
   A) Radiation
   B) Traversing
   C) Intersection
   D) Levelling
   Ans: D

5. Benchmark is —
   A) Temporary point
   B) Random point
   C) Permanent reference point
   D) Turning point
   Ans: C

6. Plane surveying assumes earth is —
   A) Spherical
   B) Flat
   C) Cylindrical
   D) Elliptical
   Ans: B

7. Primary objective of survey —
   A) Mapping
   B) Area
   C) Positions
   D) Costing
   Ans: C

8. Which survey is for underground work?
   A) Geological
   B) Mine
   C) Hydrographic
   D) Astronomical
   Ans: B

9. Error during calculation is —
   A) Personal
   B) Instrumental
   C) Natural
   D) Computational
   Ans: D

10. Which instrument measures angles?
    A) Level
    B) Chain
    C) Theodolite
    D) Tape
    Ans: C

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🔹 CHAIN SURVEY (11–25)

11. Best suited area — open & small

12. Metric chain length — 20 m

13. Check line is for — accuracy

14. Tie line is for — interior details

15. Offset is measured at — 90°

16. Ranging means — aligning points

17. Largest error — slope

18. Cross staff used for — perpendicular offset

19. Best framework — triangle

20. Arrows are used to — count chain lengths

21. Chain survey unsuitable for — hilly area

22. Tape is more accurate than — chain

23. Sag error occurs in — suspended tape

24. Oblique offsets are — less accurate

25. Chain surveying is simple but — low accuracy

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🔹 COMPASS SURVEY (26–40)

26. WCB range — 0°–360°

27. FB–BB difference — 180°

28. Local attraction caused by — magnetic material

29. Declination is angle between — true & magnetic north

30. More accurate compass — prismatic

31. Traverse includes — angles & distances

32. Closed traverse forms — polygon

33. Open traverse used for — roads

34. Bearing measured from north — WCB

35. Dip of needle due to — earth’s magnetism

36. Compass uses — magnetic meridian

37. Temporary adjustment includes — centering, levelling, focusing

38. QB system has — 4 quadrants

39. BB of 40° FB — 220°

40. Main error in compass — local attraction

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🔹 LEVELLING (41–60)

41. Levelling finds — elevations

42. RL means — Reduced Level

43. HI method also called — collimation method

44. More accurate method — rise & fall

45. Turning point is — change point

46. Back sight taken on — known point

47. Foresight taken on — unknown point

48. Fly levelling used to — transfer BM

49. Reciprocal levelling — across river

50. Contours join — equal RL

51. Parallax removed by — focusing eyepiece & objective

52. Curvature error in — long sights

53. Best practice — equal sight distances

54. Profile levelling used in — roads

55. Inverted staff reading — overhead point

56. Level book columns — BS, IS, FS

57. Dumpy level is — rigid

58. Auto level uses — compensator

59. Benchmark is — permanent

60. Staff reading increases when — ground falls

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🔹 THEODOLITE (61–75)

61. Measures — horizontal & vertical angles

62. Transiting means — rotating telescope 180°

63. Swinging means — rotation in horizontal plane

64. Face left — vertical circle left

65. Least count — 20″

66. Repetition method improves — accuracy

67. Temporary adjustment includes — centering, levelling

68. Plate level makes — axis horizontal

69. Optical plummet used for — centering

70. Line of sight is — collimation axis

71. Telescope has — objective & eyepiece

72. Traversing needs — angles & distances

73. Horizontal axis error affects — vertical angles

74. Vertical angles measured by — theodolite

75. Permanent adjustments — rarely changed

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🔹 CURVES, TACHEO, MODERN SURVEY (76–100)

76. Simple curve is — circular

77. Transition curve — smooth change

78. Superelevation given on — curves

79. Sharper curve has — smaller radius

80. Apex of curve — midpoint

81. Tacheometry used for — rapid survey

82. Distance formula — KS + C

83. EDM measures — distance

84. Total station measures — angle + distance

85. GPS means — Global Positioning System

86. DGPS is — more accurate

87. GIS used for — data management

88. Remote sensing uses — satellites

89. LiDAR uses — laser

90. UAV survey uses — drones

91. Photogrammetry uses — photos

92. Trilateration uses — distances

93. Triangulation uses — angles

94. Control survey fixes — reference points

95. Best modern tool — total station

96. GIS full form — Geographic Information System

97. GPS segments — 3

98. RS data is — digital

99. Superelevation reduces — centrifugal force

100. Best curve for railways — transition curve

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